So far, 2010 has been very different than 2009 or 2008 for turf managers. 2010 soil tempuratures have been on average 10 degrees higher than 2009. The same goes for air tempuratures and humidity. We have also experienced extreme fluctuations in moisture - excessive rain followed by dry periods. While most turfgrasses can handle this sort of stress given decent soil conditions, there are a few that can't. The most notable being annual bluegrass, or Poa annua:
Photo:
University of Kentucky Annual Bluegrass Profile
Introduction
Most turf is composed of different species of grass, unless it is a new construction planted as a monoculture. In most older golf course fairways, you can observe different types of bentgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, rye,
Poa annua, and
Poa trivialis all within a 500 square foot plot of turf. This has some benefits. Often when one species declines, another will take over. It is the transition period that causes problems for turf managers. Of the above listed species
Poa annua (annual bluegrass) is the most problematic.
The life cycle of annual bluegrass is important to understanding its summer decline. Annual bluegrass grows aggressively in spring and germinates aggressively in fall. Summer and winter are its weak points. It does not survive cold temperatures or ice cover like perennial species, and it is genetically programmed to die during the summer. Some years, like 2009, it survived all year under cultivation (like at a golf course). This year, its weaknesses are more clear. Unlike creeping bentgrass or Kentucky bluegrass, annual bluegrass does not have a physiological mechanism like dormancy for dealing with heat stress. It doesn't have to since it relies on seed to perpetuate the species.
Turf managers often look at soil tempurature to determine the likelihood of turf stress. Significant root growth stops at 70 degrees F in cool season grasses, and completely shuts down at 80 degrees. Turf is in serious trouble at 90, especially annual bluegrass. Our soil tempuratures at the 4" level have been reaching 84 degrees with surface temperatures over 100 degrees some days. In the presence of water, this leads to scald or wet wilt. According to Dr. Beard, a well-known turf expert, "cool-season grasses - such as bentgrasses (Agrostis spp.) and annual bluegrass (Poa annua) - are physiologically adapted to optimum growth at temperatures of 60 to 75 degrees F. Even so, cool-season grass species demonstrate various capacities for heat resistance, ranging from medium for grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass to very poor for annual bluegrass and rough bluegrass, among others." See his article "
Dealing with heat stress on golf course turf" for a great discussion of summer decline.
A lot of factors contribute to the growth of annual bluegrass in fairways. Low mowing heights allow annual bluegrass to invade other types of grass, along with irrigation, fertilization, and low areas with poor drainage. A 2.5 inch bluegrass lawn is in little danger of being invaded, but it is inevitable on a 1/2 inch fairway. In a classic turfgrass catch-22, a lot of golf course maintenance practices like mowing, fertilization, and irrigation even when done right allow annual bluegrass to survive making the situation worse, not better.
Recent Case Studies
At Sugar Creek and many area golf courses of similar construction, a lot of
Poa annua declined over the last two weeks. We had an abnormally wet June followed by a dry period. Often turfgrass benefits from rainfall, but not in excess. The prolonged wet, warm period encouraged shallow rooting in many low-lying areas. During the period from July 6th to the 13th, it rained here every day but one including a soaking 1" rainfall on the 11th. The turf did not have a chance to dry out before we had 5 days of 90 degree temperatures from July 14th to 18th. Solar radiation plus excessive moisture plus high soil temperatures = "physiological decline of
Poa annua." Another fancy term for it is "necrosis due to abiotic environmental factors." Many superintendents like myself prefer a simpler term: "It baked." The
Poa baked on certain tees and fairways in areas with saturated soil. The spike in soil temperature literally cooks the cells of the plant. Often when we see brown grass, our first instinct is to put water on it. That is why you may see superintendents using soil probes to determine if the stress is caused by too little water or too much. More often than not, the cause is too much water.
While these areas of
Poa annua are suffering right now, they will come back from their own seed once soil temperatures go down and the days shorten. That is what they are genetically programmed to do. Looking back at photos from 2005, another rough year for turf, the same areas suffered during the summer but came back quickly in September.
Through the following pictures, I'll try to give my diagnosis and answer that important question: "Why did that grass die?"
#4 Tee
Back tee on the 4th hole: This tee is somewhat shaded with inadequate drainage. It is, or was, mostly comprised of
Poa trivialis (Roughstalk bluegrass) and
Poa annua (annual bluegrass). The green turf is the Roughstalk bluegrass which is only slightly more heat tolerant than annual bluegrass. I watched the
Poa annua on this tee decline over the course of 1 day on July 14th. There were no signs of disease or other causes and the surface moisture under the turf canopy was hot to the touch.
Diagnosis: Scald of
Poa annua. From "
Understanding Wet Wilt" by Dr. Peter H. Dernoeden: "On sunny days when air temperatures exceed 90°F, the temperature in the upper 2.0 inches of wet soil can range from 95°F to 100°F. These conditions led to root dysfunction and/or a rapid loss of roots." And later: "Indeed, turf almost literally 'cooks' in hot and wet soils. Affected greens initially appeared brownish and water-soaked. Turf soon thinned out in irregular shapes, but damage often followed the natural drainage pattern of the green."
#5 Tee
The 5th tee was sodded in 2003 with a low-mow cultivar of bluegrass. Unfortunately, the soil settled and created a drainage problem. With low mowing heights and excess water, Poa annua took over this tee. Over the years, we aerified, topdressed, and seeded frequently to try to improve the situation, but to no avail. You can see some algae growth on the scalded Poa annua which died in the presence of water on the same days as the 4th tee -- July 14th through the 18th.
Here's a soil plug from July 19th:
It is difficult to tell from the photo, but the soil was still moist even after several days of drying. You can see the layer of top dressing to the left of the photo. Even with this layer, areas of the tee are still lower than the rest causing water to sit there for long periods.
Diagnosis: Scald of
Poa annua. Again.
#1 Fairway
This area is often soaked after rains. There is only about a foot of elevation difference between here and the creek and the contour is not consistent. There are ridges that hold the water here for extended periods. The interesting part of this photo is not the what went wrong but what didn't go wrong. Why did some patches survive and others did not? They had the same soil conditions, moisture levels, fertility and maintenance. What is different about them? The answer is genetics.
This isolated patch of creeping bent clearly illustrates the difference between the two grasses. Even though this patch is not an intentionally seeded cultivar - it simply drifted here on its own - it was able to take what nature threw at it while the annual bluegrass could not. Due to the grading of the fairway, this will always be tough spot to grow grass, but this photo indicates to me that bentgrass would be a better species for the area than Poa annua. While it is difficult to establish turf during the summer months, slit seeding some bentgrass just might increase the percentage of quality turf in the area. Once fall hits, the annual bluegrass will germinate with a vengeance and fill in the remaining area. It's a never ending battle.
Further Reading
Recent turf reports from the
Chicago District Golf Association address this issue: See
July 16 - From this report: "Even if we do everything correctly, Mother Nature may not play fair. I am sure we will have issues, but to what extent it is hard to say. Clearly Poa annua, which does not like hot weather, will die."
